Anything to do with broadcasting and sending a radio or television message out over the airwaves comes under a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulation that a cellular phone is actually a type of two-way radio. In 1947, AT&T proposed that the FCC allocate a large number of radio spectrum frequencies so that wide-spread mobile phone service could become feasible and AT&T would have a incentive to research the new technology. We can partially blame the FCC for the gap between the concept of cellular phone service and it’s availability to the public. Because of the FCC decision to limit the cellular phone frequencies in 1947, only twenty three cellular phone conversations could occur simultaneously in the same service area – not a market incentive for research.

The FCC reconsidered it’s position in 1968, and stated “if the technology to build a better mobile phone service works, we will increase the cellular phone frequencies allocation, freeing the airwaves for more mobile phones.” AT&T – Bell Labs proposed a cellular phone system to the FCC of many small, low-powered broadcast towers, each covering a ‘cell’ a few miles in radius, collectively covering a larger area. Each tower would use only a few of the total frequencies allocated to the cellular phone system, and as cars moved across the area their cellular phone calls would be passed from tower to tower.

By 1977, AT&T Bell Labs constructed and operated a prototype cellular phone system. A year later, public trials of the new cellular phone system were started in Chicago, IL with over 2000 trial cellular phone customers. In 1979, the first commercial cellular phone system began operation in Tokyo. In 1981, Motorola and American Radio phone started a second U.S. cellular radio-phone system test in the Washington/Baltimore area. By 1982, the slow moving FCC finally authorized commercial cellular phone service for the USA. A year later, the first American commercial for analog cellular phone service or AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was offered in Chicago, IL by Ameritech. Despite the incredible demand, it took cellular phone service 37 years to become commercially available in the United States.

Consumer demand quickly outstripped the cellular phone system’s 1982 standards, by 1987, cellular phone subscribers exceeded one million, and the airways were crowded. Three ways of improving services existed:

• one – increase cellular phone frequencies allocation
• two – split existing cellular phone cells
• three – improve the cellular phone technology

The FCC did not want to handout any more bandwidth and building/splitting cells would have been expensive and add bulk to the cellular phone network. To stimulate the growth of new cellular phone technology, the FCC declared in 1987 that cellular phone licensees may employ alternative cellular phone technologies in the 800 MHz band. The cellular phone industry began to research new transmission technology as an alternative.

Lets clarify why this phone is called cell phone or cellular phone. The whole network area of the provider is divided into small cells or areas. Each area or cell contains an antenna. When a person moves within the network area carrying a cell phone, the cell phone keeps contact with the local antenna. That’s why it is called a cell phone.

From the service provider each cell phone gets a unique code. This code is used to identify the phone and distinguish from the other. When someone tries to make a call from the cell phone and you turn on the phone a series of events takes place.

When you turn on the phone it seeks a system identification code to identify the provider on the control channel. The control channel is a special frequency, which is used for talking. If the phone can’t find any frequency it declares “No Service” message.

When the phone gets the frequency it matches it with the system identification code programmed in the phone. Then the mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) tracks your phone and locates the area your phone is located.

After getting a call MTSO looks into the database to locate your phone and identifies the cell you are using. It picks a frequency pair of that cell in which your phone would communicate. MTSO communicates with the phone through control channel and directs which frequency to use. As soon as the phone and tower tracks the frequency, your phone is connected.